3D Animated films are static literature built on the same technology as the metaverse. It holds a special fascination for me. So here is a brief history, from the exciting initial beginnings of 3D animation to the now pretty much routine experiences of today.
Pre-1995
When Toy Story came out in 1995, it pretty much shocked the world. No one had ever seen anything like it before. But there were a lot of steps along the way. Some of the cool pre-1995 moments in 3D Animation History:
Tron (1982) - First use of 3D Animation in a motion picture.
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Kahn (1982) - First use of 3D animation involving fractal landscapes.
Adventures of Andre and Wally B. (1984) - First 100% 3D animated short. Pixar's First.
The Last Starfighter (1984) - First realistic 3D CGI space battles.
Dire Straits' "Money for Nothing" Video (1985) - First use of 3D animation in a music video, many people's first exposure to 3D animation.
Luxo Jr. (1986) - First successful 3D animated short using realistic objects and lighting.
Tin Toy (1988) - First 3D animated short to win an Oscar, and first to use a realistic human form.
McDonalds "Two for Two Dollars" Advertisement (1989) - First convincing use of 3D animated mouths synched with speech.
The Mind's Eye (1990) - A collection of early 3D animated shorts, includes "The Seed" the first attempt at animated organic elements.
Beauty and the Beast (1991) - First use of 3D elements to enhance a 2D animated feature.
ReBoot (1993) - First 3D Animated Saturday Morning Cartoon series.
Jurassic Park (1994) - First use of 3D Organic CGI in a movie, 3D animated dinosaurs.3D Animated Films 1995 - 2005
In 1995, Toy Story was a huge hit. The film literally started an industry. Pixar blazed the way, but a small upstart company called Pacific Data Images (PDI) also got lots of attention in 1995 by producing the 3D Simpsons segment Homer3. They would produce the second 3D animated film Antz and would become Pixar's biggest competitor.
Here is a detailed list of all the 3D animated films from 1995 - 2005:
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Toy Story (1995) Directed by John Lasseter Animation by Pixar Released by Disney Animation ** Movie *** Official Site |
The first and still one of the
best. This film started it all. You may ask why I only give it two stars
for animation, it is because this is the baseline film all the others are
measured by. Toy Story won a special Oscar for being a breakthrough film. It reinvented animation forever. Tom Hanks should have won his third Oscar for his voice work as Woody. Noteworthy: First 3D Animated Feature! |
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Antz (1998) Directed by Eric Darnell and Tim Johnson Animation by PDI Released by Dreamworks Animation ** Movie *** Wiki |
Battling 3D animated films
about ants were in a race to be in theaters first. Disney blinked in hopes
of bringing in the kid traffic during Thanksgiving Day weekend, and Antz
came out in October. Antz was geared toward a more mature audience anyways. Woody Allen starred as "Ant z" a neurotic ant who wants to stand out from the crowd and it causes him no end of trouble. A great film even if it wasn't the second 3D film. Noteworthy: A few scenes featured thousands of animated ants, the first animated crowd scenes. |
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A Bugs Life (1998) Directed by John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton Animation by Pixar Released by Disney Animation *** Movie ** Official Site |
This "Magnificent
Seven" like plot about a group of circus performing bugs rescuing an
ant hill from a gang of evil grasshoppers was a step beyond the two films
that came before. This film was geared more toward kids than Antz, and as a result it ultimately made more money. Noteworthy: Antz may have had crowd scenes first, but A Bugs Life had some crowd scenes where every ant was doing something different. It just shows the attention to detail that goes into a Pixar film. |
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Toy Story 2 (1999) Directed by Ash Brannon and John Lasseter Animation by Pixar Released by Disney Animation *** Movie **** Official Site |
Easily one of the funniest
films, for both kids and adults, of the decade. Even though 1999 was a
particularly good year for movies, Toy Story 2 managed a place on
many critics top 10 lists. Noteworthy: Numerous advances in texture layer maps allowed realistic hair and even realistic cotton swabs. Especially impressive was the hairy arms of Al of "Al's Toy Barn" which is probably the most realistic looking animated character until Aki in Final Fantasy came along. |
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Dinosaur (2000) Directed by Eric Leighton and Ralph Zondag Animation by Disney Animation Released by Disney Animation *** Movie * Wiki |
The first ten minutes of the
film, which was also featured on the trailer, was the most impressive
thing I had ever seen in an animated movie. Unfortunately, when the
dinosaurs and monkeys started talking, the film went downhill quickly. This is pure kids fare and nothing more. Noteworthy: Much of the backgrounds were not animated at all, they were filmed locations, making this the first hybrid 3D-Live Action film made entirely of 3D characters. |
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Sinbad: Beyond the Veils of the Mist (2000) Directed by Evan Ricks Animation by Pentafour Released by Phaedra/Trimark Animation * Movie * |
This film was only released in
theaters in the western states, but was eventually shown nationwide on
Fox. It was an experimental collaboration between an American motion
capture house (Improvision) and an animation company based out of India (Pentafour).
Being experimental it ultimately was not that impressive. Noteworthy: First 3D animation import (it won't be the last as many Anime houses in Japan are experimenting with 3D), first 3D animation feature that used motion capture (actors performing the moves for the 3D characters) extensively. |
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Shrek (2001) Directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson Animation by PDI Released by Dreamworks Animation *** Movie **** Official Site |
The makers of Antz went
for a wider audience and scored big. The wonderful talents of Mike Meyers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz,
and John Lithgow made the wildly funny script into movie magic. It became
the most successful 3D film, a distinction it would hold for two more
years.
It also won the first Oscar ever for Animated Long Feature, beating out
two other 3D animated films. Noteworthy: Like Antz, huge crowds of characters on the screen simultaneously, this time every character not only looks different but acts different. |
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Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001) Directed by Hironobu Sakaguchi and Moto Sakakibara Animation by SquareSoft Released by Sony/Columbia Animation **** Movie * Wiki |
SquareSoft has been doing some
impressive realistic animation on their video games for years, so why not
break into movies? Lesson one, get a good script! In this otherwise good year for 3D animation, Final Fantasy:TSW managed to lose between 110 and 160 million dollars, making it one of the biggest box office busts in movie history. Noteworthy: This film is easily one of the best looking films ever. Using motion capture, and improved hair technology, it combined ultra realism with fantastic dreamlike effects with impressive results. |
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Monsters, Inc. (2001) Directed by Peter Docter and David Silverman Animation by Pixar Released by Disney Animation **** Movie **** Official Site |
If you think Aki's head of hair
in Final Fantasy was impressive, check out the realistic hair
covering Scully's entire body in Monster's, Inc. Also unlike FF, it
had one of the most original scripts of any film (animated or not) in
2001. Mike and Scully are the modern day Abbot and Costello. Noteworthy: I was one of many who thought Monsters should have won the Oscar over Shrek. It got its revenge the next year when an animated short "Mike's New Car" featuring the same characters won for best animated short. |
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Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (2001) Directed by John A. Davis Animation by DNA Productions Released by Paramount Animation ** Movie ** Official Site |
While Jimmy Neutron may
have been the least impressive 3D film of the four in 2001, it may well
prove the most influential of the four: It was the first successful low
budget 3D animated feature. While us 3D animation junkies can spot the shortcuts used in this film, most of the viewing audience cannot. It made enough money to pay for the Dallas Texas based animation studio it was created in. Noteworthy: First 3D animated film produced entirely on desktop computers, running off the shelf Lightwave software which anyone can purchase for $600. |
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Ice Age (2002) Directed by Carlos Saldanha and Chris Wedge Animation by Blue Sky/Fox Animation Released by 20th Century Fox Animation ** Movie ** Official Site |
The failure of Titan A.E.
in 2000 nearly ended the animation department of Fox Studios, until the
company owned CGI house Blue Sky proposed getting into less risky 3D
animation (this was after they won an Oscar for a short called Bunny
and before the colossal failure of Final Fantasy). The result was Ice Age, a 3D film that looks more like Chuck Jones than Pixar, though not as funny as either (except for that Squirrel with the Acorns who deserves its own series of shorts.) Noteworthy: First film by Blue Sky Productions and they are already a major player along side Pixar and PDI. |
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Jonah: A Veggie Tales Movie (2002) Directed by Mike Nawrocki and Phil Vischer Animation by Big Idea Released by Artisan Animation * Movie (not reviewed) Official Site |
Nickelodeon's 3D animated TV
series Veggie Tales makes its way to the big screen, and from the
previews and stills I have seen, it looks like a TV series ported to the
big screen. Noteworthy: First 3D animated feature based on a TV series. |
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Finding Nemo (2003) Directed by Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich Animation by Pixar Released by Disney Animation **** Movie **** Official Site |
Pixar gave us talking toys,
talking bugs, talking monsters, and now talking fish, and like the
previous films, this one impresses. Most of the film takes place under water, giving us a whole new visual world we have not seen before. Add an adorable father and son story, a hilariously funny fish with memory problems, and a cast of wonderful supporting players both ocean based and aquarium based, and you have a wonderful film. Noteworthy: Passed Shrek to be the most successful 3D animated film ever, also it holds the second spot of any film with box office and critical acclaim so far in 2003. |
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Shrek 2 (2004) Directed by Andrew Adamson and Kelly Asbury Animation by PDI Released by Dreamworks Animation **** Movie *** Official Site |
The second sequel in 3D Feature
Animation history is like a typical sequel. Not as good as the original,
but still very funny. Lets face it, convincing skeptical parents may be as
hard as stopping a dragon, but it is not quite as exciting. Loved the pub
filled with famous bad guys, including captain hook playing the piano with
his hook, and also "Puss in Boots". Noteworthy: Managed $108 million on its opening weekend, one of the biggest weekends in movie history. Passed Finding Nemo as the most successful 3D film. |
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Shark Tale (2004) Directed by Bilbo Bergeron and Vicky Jenson Animation by PDI Released by Dreamworks Animation **** Movie ** Official Site |
Produced by the same people who
did Shrek, this fish tale looks nothing like Finding Nemo, which it
will be unfairly compared to no doubt. Will Smith plays the voice of a
small fish who takes credit for defeating a shark, only to face danger
from the shark "mob". It has some funny moments, but the story
seems a bit over done. This film was too hip for its own good. As Roger
Ebert stated, how many kids will get the references to Jaws and The
Godfather, two R rated films from 30 years ago? Noteworthy: This 3D animated film to marketed itself based on the voice talents alone, and all the animation was done based on the actors real faces. |
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The Incredibles (2004) Directed by Brad Bird Animation by Pixar Released by Disney Animation ***** Movie **** Official Site |
This film about a family of superheroes
may be one of the best 3D films so far. This is Brad Bird's first writing and
directorial job with Pixar, but his previous animation experience includes
"Creative Consultant" credits during the best seasons of The
Simpsons and directing the highly underrated feature The Iron
Giant. Noteworthy: Many of the most difficult problems in 3D animation include realistic clothing, realistic hair, and one of the most difficult, realistic water. Pixar has broken new ground once again, by getting past these problems and creating an artistic masterpiece as well. |
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The Polar Express (2004) Directed by Robert Zemeckis Animation by Sony Imageworks / Universal CGI Released by Warner Bros. Animation *** Movie ** 3D Imax Version *** Official Site |
With Oscar winning director Robert
Zemeckis (Forest Gump, Back to the Future), and the voice talents
of Tom Hanks, and a popular children's book to work with, this movie has a
lot of talent behind it. Warner Brothers is the sixth major studio to
jump on the 3D animation band wagon. The "Performance Capture"
sometimes lags behind traditional animation, but it is a marked
improvement over motion capture used in Sinbad. Noteworthy: First use of the next generation motion capture technology called "Performance Capture" which not only works with body movement, but also face movement and expression. First feature length animated 3D IMAX film. |
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Robots (2005) Directed by Carlos Saldanha and Chris Wedge Animation by Blue Sky Released by 20th Century Fox Animation **** Movie*** Official Site |
Like Ice Age the biggest
influence on this film is the Looney Toons shorts. This film is far
funnier than Ice Age however. Two reasons: 1) two animated sequence,
one a cross town transport, one a dominos gag, that are inspired genius,
2) the inclusion of
Robin Williams in the cast, whose last animated feature Aladdin is a
comedy classic. The cute and clever film is designed to be a satire on
human life. We do not know how these robots evolved, and we don't care.
They seem human enough. Now 3D animators know right off the bat that robot characters are easier than say humans or monsters, because the robots are made up of basic geometrical parts. The hard part is putting a human touch into these geometrical parts. Every character in this film is an original look and design, there are no generic looking robots, because the animators refuse to define "generic". Combine that with a bright color palate, and you have a beautiful looking film. |
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Madagascar (2005) Directed by Eric Darnell and Tom McGrath Animation by PDI Released by Dreamworks Animation **** Movie** Official Site |
This is the third of four movies released by Dreamworks Animation over two years. It has done very well at the box office, (its the only animated movie during summer 2005) but it is not shattering records (box office is down this year across the board). |
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Valiant (2005) Directed by Gary Chapman Animation by Vanguard Animation Released by Disney Animation** Movie* Official Site |
A British import released by Disney (during a summer with very few animated films). The animation in the trailer looks first rate, but the rendering engine they used is second rate, lots of weird shadow blotches on the faces. This is the first by Vanguard Animation. |
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Chicken Little (2005) Directed by Mark Dindal Animation by Disney Animation Released by Disney Animation *** Movie *** Official Site |
Disney's first "in house" (non-Pixar) 3D animated feature since Dinosaur. The trailer found on the official site is very funny. "This time the sky really is falling" |
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Delgo (?) Directed by Mark F Adler and Jason Maurer Animation by Fathom Studios Opening ? Official Site |
This is a footnote film created
during the 1995-2005 time frame. It has still not been released.
Its the first sci-fi fantasy animation since Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within scared everyone away from the genre. It also holds the distinction of being Anne Bancroft's last movie credit. Being made independently, the project was started in 1998, and does not yet have a distributor or an official release date. It was originally scheduled for 2003. Now in 2007 it has a web site, but still no firm release date. |
Other notable shorts, TV shows, direct to video, and 3D animation in movies from 1995 to 2005:Simpsons "Homer Cubed"(1995) - First use of 3D in primetime TV, first commercial project by PDI
Geri's Game (1997) - Oscar winning 3D Animated Short
Santa vs. The Snowman (1997) - First major success of DNA (Jimmy Neutron), appeared on IMAX in 2002.
Bunny (1998) - Oscar winning 3D Animated Short, First successful work of Blue Sky (Ice Age)
Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999) - First 3D character (Jar Jar Binks) in a live action film.
Walking with Dinosaurs (1999) - Documentary series featuring 3D Animated Dinosaurs
It's Tough to Be a Bug (1999) - First 3D Animation in 3D. Shown at Disney's Animal Kingdom and Disney's California Adventures.
For The Birds (2001) - Oscar winning 3D Animated Short
Mike's New Car (2002) - Oscar winning 3D Animated Short
Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) - Won Special Effects Oscar largely because of 3D character Gollum.
The Final Flight of Osiris (2003) - A prequel episode to Matrix Reloaded, appears on "Animatrix" DVD.
Father of the Pride (2004) - First 3D animated TV show in prime time.
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004) - A "direct to video" 3D animated film starring the classic Disney characters.
Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children (2004) - A Japanese 3D "anime" from the makers of Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within. A dubbed version was released in the US in 2006 only on video.2006 3D Animation Goes Mainstream
2006 marks the turning point when 3D animation goes from innovative to mainstream, and even fairly routine. Two events marked the occasion.
First, Disney bought Pixar outright. The two companies had been battling over distribution rights. Pixar wanted to go independent after Cars, and former CEO of Disney Michael Eisner wanted to let them. Then Eisner lost power, Disney's in house 3D project Chicken Little did not do so well, and Disney decided they could not afford to lose Pixar, so they just bought them for a few billion dollars.
Second, in 2006, there were 13 3D animated films released, more than half the total of the previous 10 years, and they ran the gamut from really good to really awful. It sort of marks a change in the world of 3D animation -- the novelty has officially worn off.
Before 2006, 3D film were virtually guaranteed a big audience. They were events to see. Not any more. Computer animation has become "old hat". Thanks to techniques such as performance capture, these movies can be produced quickly and cheaply. Now traditional animation films are rare and far between.
Here is the list of all 13 from 2006:
Hoodwinked (2006) ** |
Doogal (2006) * |
Ice Age 2: The Meltdown (2006) *** |
The Wild (2006) * |
Over the Hedge (2006) *** |
Cars (2006) *** |
Monster House (2006) **** |
Ant Bully (2006) *** |
Barnyard (2006) ** |
Everyone's Hero (2006) ** |
Open Season (2006) *** |
Flushed Away (2006) *** |
Happy Feet (2006) **** |
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So, I'm ending this list where it is, as a history of 3D animation from innovative beginning, to blockbuster genre, to mainstream routine.
Post Script
So why is a site dedicated to life in the metaverse, spend so much time on 3D animated films? The history of these films parallels almost exactly the history of 3D gaming. The first primitive 3D games like Battlezone came out in the early 80's, but the first true 3D game Doom came out in 1993, and today 3D gaming is pretty routine.
It also parallels online RPG gaming. From MUDs in the early 1980s, to LAN parties in the 1990s, to Ultima Online in 1997, to the large number of games like World of Warcraft today.
And social online games, From 2D Habitat in the 1980's, to Active Worlds in 1995, to the ever expanding Second Life and There in 2003, to multiple 3D social networks now in development.
All four of these industries are heavily influencing one another, and technologies in one tend to show up in the others. Will we see the beautiful water effects of The Incredibles in games someday? Yes! Just as soon as we figure out how to reduce the rendering from hours per frame to a few frames a second.